Which jobs are most at risk from AI?

Based on BLS data and AI exposure research, the highest-risk occupations include Office/Administrative Clerk, Customer Service Representative, Copywriter/Content Writer. These roles involve routine cognitive tasks that AI can perform at scale.

What are the safest careers in the AI economy?

Careers with the lowest AI risk include Plumber, Electrician, HVAC Technician. These roles require physical presence, human empathy, or novel problem-solving that current AI cannot replicate.

What degree should I get for the AI economy?

The highest-growth, AI-resistant fields include healthcare (nursing, nurse practitioner), skilled trades (electrician, HVAC), cybersecurity, and AI/ML engineering itself. These combine high demand with low automation risk.

AI Economy Job Explorer

Which careers will thrive and which will shrink as AI transforms the economy? Explore AI risk scores, salary data, and career transition paths for 33+ occupations.

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Occupations Tracked

High AI Risk

Avg AI Risk Score

13.0M

Jobs in High-Risk Roles

33 careers

Sort by:

Nurse Practitioner

Healthcare · Master's degree

Low Risk

Salary

$126K

Growth

+45%

Score

96/100

Physical examinationComplex diagnosis

AI/Machine Learning Engineer

Technology · Master's degree

Low Risk

Salary

$157K

Growth

+40%

Score

94/100

Novel researchModel architecture design

Cybersecurity Analyst

Technology · Bachelor's degree

Low Risk

Salary

$120K

Growth

+32%

Score

88/100

Adversarial thinkingNovel threat analysis

Data Scientist

Technology · Bachelor's degree

Moderate

Salary

$108K

Growth

+35%

Score

86/100

Problem framingStakeholder communication

Healthcare Administrator

Healthcare · Bachelor's degree

Moderate

Salary

$111K

Growth

+28%

Score

82/100

Strategic planningRegulatory navigation

Dental Hygienist

Healthcare · Associate's degree

Low Risk

Salary

$88K

Growth

+7%

Score

80/100

Entry-levelManual dexterityPatient interaction

Software Developer

Technology · Bachelor's degree

Moderate

Salary

$132K

Growth

+25%

Score

79/100

System architectureDebugging novel problems

IT Manager

Technology · Bachelor's degree

Low Risk

Salary

$170K

Growth

+15%

Score

79/100

People managementStrategic technology decisions

Registered Nurse

Healthcare · Bachelor's degree

Low Risk

Salary

$86K

Growth

+6%

Score

78/100

Physical patient careEmotional support

Product Manager

Business & Management · Bachelor's degree

Low Risk

Salary

$130K

Growth

+15%

Score

78/100

Customer empathyPrioritization under ambiguity

UX Designer

Creative & Media · Bachelor's degree

Moderate

Salary

$105K

Growth

+16%

Score

76/100

Ethnographic researchEmpathy

Medical Scientist

Science & Research · Doctoral degree

Low Risk

Salary

$101K

Growth

+10%

Score

76/100

Experimental designLab work

Electrician

Skilled Trades · Postsecondary nondegree

Low Risk

Salary

$62K

Growth

+6%

Score

72/100

Entry-levelPhysical installationOn-site problem solving

Personal Financial Advisor

Finance & Accounting · Bachelor's degree

Moderate

Salary

$100K

Growth

+13%

Score

71/100

Trust buildingBehavioral coaching

College Professor

Education & Training · Doctoral degree

Moderate

Salary

$84K

Growth

+8%

Score

71/100

MentorshipOriginal research

Plumber

Skilled Trades · Postsecondary nondegree

Low Risk

Salary

$62K

Growth

+2%

Score

71/100

Entry-levelPhysical work in tight spacesOn-site judgment

HVAC Technician

Skilled Trades · Postsecondary nondegree

Low Risk

Salary

$57K

Growth

+6%

Score

70/100

Entry-levelPhysical installationOn-site diagnostics

Lawyer

Legal · Doctoral/professional degree

Moderate

Salary

$146K

Growth

+8%

Score

68/100

Courtroom advocacyClient relationships

Marketing Manager

Business & Management · Bachelor's degree

Moderate

Salary

$157K

Growth

+6%

Score

66/100

Brand storytellingCreative direction

Elementary School Teacher

Education & Training · Bachelor's degree

Low Risk

Salary

$64K

Growth

+1%

Score

66/100

Entry-levelChild supervisionEmotional development

Management Consultant/Analyst

Business & Management · Bachelor's degree

Moderate

Salary

$99K

Growth

+10%

Score

65/100

Client relationshipsOrganizational politics

Network Administrator

Technology · Bachelor's degree

Moderate

Salary

$95K

Growth

+3%

Score

64/100

Physical infrastructureEmergency response

Financial Analyst

Finance & Accounting · Bachelor's degree

High Risk

Salary

$96K

Growth

+8%

Score

62/100

Entry-levelInvestor relationshipsStrategic advisory

Accountant/Auditor

Finance & Accounting · Bachelor's degree

High Risk

Salary

$80K

Growth

+4%

Score

55/100

Entry-levelForensic investigationClient advisory

Cook/Chef

Service & Retail · No formal education

Moderate

Salary

$34K

Growth

+5%

Score

48/100

Entry-levelTaste/sensory judgmentKitchen improvisation

IT Support Specialist

Technology · Some college

High Risk

Salary

$60K

Growth

+6%

Score

47/100

Entry-levelPhysical hardware workOn-site troubleshooting

Truck Driver (Heavy/Tractor-Trailer)

Transportation & Logistics · Postsecondary nondegree

High Risk

Salary

$54K

Growth

+4%

Score

47/100

Entry-levelLast-mile navigationHazardous materials

Paralegal/Legal Assistant

Legal · Associate's degree

High Risk

Salary

$61K

Growth

+4%

Score

44/100

Entry-levelClient interactionCourt procedures

Copywriter/Content Writer

Creative & Media · Bachelor's degree

Very High

Salary

$73K

Growth

-2%

Score

44/100

Entry-levelInvestigative journalismUnique voice/personality

Graphic Designer

Creative & Media · Bachelor's degree

High Risk

Salary

$59K

Growth

+3%

Score

43/100

Entry-levelBrand strategyClient collaboration

Retail Salesperson

Service & Retail · No formal education

High Risk

Salary

$33K

Growth

-2%

Score

27/100

Entry-levelConsultative sellingComplex product demos

Customer Service Representative

Service & Retail · High school diploma

Very High

Salary

$40K

Growth

-5%

Score

26/100

Entry-levelEmotional de-escalationComplex problem resolution

Office/Administrative Clerk

Service & Retail · High school diploma

Very High

Salary

$41K

Growth

-7%

Score

24/100

Entry-levelExecutive supportEvent coordination

Safest + High-Paying

IT Manager

Risk: 22/100

$170K

AI/Machine Learning Engineer

Risk: 15/100

$157K

Software Developer

Risk: 35/100

$132K

Product Manager

Risk: 25/100

$130K

Nurse Practitioner

Risk: 10/100

$126K

Highest AI Risk

Office/Administrative Clerk

2,950K jobs

90/100

Customer Service Representative

2,834K jobs

85/100

Copywriter/Content Writer

151K jobs

82/100

Retail Salesperson

4,080K jobs

75/100

Paralegal/Legal Assistant

345K jobs

72/100

Frequently Asked Questions

How is the AI Risk Score calculated?

Based on research by Eloundou et al. (2023) and Felten et al. (2023), which assess how exposed each occupation's tasks are to large language models and AI systems. Scores factor in task routineness, physical vs cognitive work, and current AI capabilities.

What should young workers study?

Focus on fields that combine human skills with technology: healthcare (especially nursing and therapy), skilled trades (electricians, HVAC), cybersecurity, AI/ML engineering, and roles requiring complex human judgment like product management and UX design.

Where does the salary and employment data come from?

Employment counts and median wages are from the Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) survey, May 2023. Growth projections are from BLS Employment Projections 2022-2032.